Oyili

I-petroleum, lephindze yatiwe ngekutsi yi-oyili, yinhlanganisela yemvelo lenembala lophuti nalomnyama lenetitsako letibitwa ngema-hydrocarbons, katnsi itfolwa etindzaweni letisemhlabatsini. Leligama lelitsi petroleum lihlanganisa bobabili oyili longakalungiswa kanye nemikhicito ye petroleum lenemafutsa lahlantekile. I-fossil fuel, i-petroleum yakheka uma linani lelikhulu letintfo letifile, ikakhulu i-zooplankton kanye ne-algae, tingcwatjwe ngaphansi kwemadvwala futsi tibekwe ekushiseni lokutsite kanye nasekucindzetelweni.

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, i-hydrocarbon lenombolo ye-octane lengu-100. Tindilinga letimnyama yi-carbon kantsi letinsundvu letimhlophe ngema-athomu e-hydrogen.

I-petroleum itfolwa kakhulu ngekubhola phansi kubukwa oyili. Kubhola kwentiwa ngemuva kwekucwaninga nge-structural geology, i-sedimentary basin analysis, kanye ne-reservoir characterization. Intfutfuko yakamuva yebuchwephesha iphindze yaholela ekusetjentisweni kwaletinye tindzawo letingakavami letifana nesihlabatsi sa-oyili kanye ne-oyili shale.

Uma seyikhicitiwe, i-oyili iyahlantwa bese ihlukaniswa, malula kakhulu ngekuhlanganiswa, ibe ngemikhicito leminyenti lesetjentiselwa kusetjentiswa ngalokucondzile nobe kusetjentiswa ekukhiciteni. Imikhicito ifaka ekhatsi tintfo tekubasa letifana ne-gasoline (petrol), i-diesel, i-kerosene kanye ne-jet fuel; i-asphalt kanye nema-lubricants; emakhemikhali lasetjentiswa ekwakheni ipulasitiki; tincibilikisi, tindvwangu, ema-refrigerants, ipende, injoloba, manyolo, tibulala tilwanyana, imitsi, kanye netintfo taletinye. I-petroleum isetjentiswa ekwakheni tintfo letiningi letibalulekile ekuphileni kwanamuhla, kantsi kulinganiselwa kutsi umhlaba udla lecishe ibe tigidzi letingu-100 ( million cubic meters) ngelilanga. Kukhicitwa kwe oyili kungaholela kakhulu futsi bekubaluleke kakhulu ekutfutfukiseni umnotfo wemhlaba wonkhe ngelikhulu leminyaka lema-20, nalamanye emave, labitwa ngekutsi "emave emafutsa", atfola emandla lamakhulu kutemnotfo kanye nemave emhlaba ngenca yekulawula kwawo kukhicitwa kwe oyili.

Imikhicito ye-petroleum ilimata imvelo kanye nemphilo yebantfu. Kugubha, kuhlunga kanye nekushiswa kwe petroleum kukhipha emanani lamanyenti emagesi langcolisa umhlaba kanye nemkhatsi, kungako ipetroleum ngulenye yetintfo letinkhulu letineligalelo ekushintja kwesimo selitulu. Leminye imiphumela lemibi yendzawo ifaka ekhatsi kucitseka kwa-oyili, kanye nekungcola kwemoya nemanti. Leminye yalemitselela inemiphumela lecondzile kanye naleyo lengacondzakali yetemphilo kubantfu. Oyili uphindze waba ngumtfombo wekungevani, lokuholele etimphini letiholwa nguhulumende kanye naletinye tingcabano. Kukhicitwa kwe petroleum kulinganiselwa kutsi kutawufika ezingeni lelisetulu le-oyili ngembi kwa-2035 njengoba umnotfo wemhlaba wonkhe uncike kancane ku-oyili njengencenye yekunciphisa kugucuka kwesimo selitulu kanye nekugucuka kuya kumandla lavuselelekako kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwagezi.